![]() ![]() In line with theoretical predictions derived from animal studies, we show that, after extinction, a CS-evoked engagement of human ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) and hippocampus is context dependent, being expressed in an extinction, but not a conditioning, context. Recall of extinction memory and, hence, CR inhibition at later CS encounters is facilitated by contextual stimuli present during extinction training. Extinction creates a new CS–noUCS memory trace, competing with the initial fear (CS–UCS) memory. ![]() Doc.In fear extinction, an animal learns that a conditioned stimulus (CS) no longer predicts a noxious stimulus to which it had previously been associated, leading to inhibition of the conditioned response (CR). 2(3), 113–124 (1956)īurke, D.M., Peters, L., Harrold, R.M.: Word association norms for young and older adults. 3, 1–5 (1964)Ĭhomsky, N.: Three models for the description of language. Marks, L.E., Miller, G.A.: The role of semantic and syntactic constraints in the memorization of English sentences. Accessed ĭescriptors defining levels in the European Qualifications Framework (EQF) - Learning Opportunities and Qualifications in Europe - European Commission. Standardized Survey Classifications - Individuals. Gould, N.F., et al.: Performance on a virtual reality spatial memory navigation task in depressed patients. Sweeney, S., Kersel, D., Morris, R.G., Manly, T., Evans, J.J.: The sensitivity of a virtual reality task to planning and prospective memory impairments: group differences and the efficacy of periodic alerts on performance. Plancher, G., Gyselinck, V., Nicolas, S., Piolino, P.: Age effect on components of episodic memory and feature binding: a virtual reality study. In: Proceedings of the Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium, pp. 117–122 (1996)ĭinh, H.Q., Walker, N., Hodges, L.F., Song, C., Kobayashi, A.: Evaluating the importance of multi-sensory input on memory and the sense of presence in virtual environments. In: Proceedings of the First European conference on Disability, Virtual Reality and Associated Technologies, University of Reading, pp. ![]() Implications for people with disabilities. 21(1), 146–161 (2007)Īttree, E.A., Brooks, B.M., Rose, F.D., Andrews, T.K., Leadbetter, A.G., Clifford, B.R.: Memory processes and virtual environments: I can’t remember what was there, but I can remember how I got there. Matheis, R.J., Schultheis, M.T., Tiersky, L.A., DeLuca, J., Millis, S.R., Rizzo, A.: Is learning and memory different in a virtual environment? Clin. Smith, S.M., Vela, E.: Environmental context-dependent memory: a review and meta-analysis. 99(2), 293–306 (2008)īower, G.H., Monteiro, K.P., Gilligan, S.G.: Emotional mood as a context for learning and recall. Johnson, A.J., Miles, C.: Chewing gum and context-dependent memory: the independent roles of chewing gum and mint flavour. ![]() Goodwin, D.W., Powell, B., Bremer, D., Hoine, H., Stern, J.: Alcohol and recall: state-dependent effects in man. Godden, D.R., Baddeley, A.D.: Context-dependent memory in two natural environments: on land and underwater. In particular memorizing in VR as opposed to a real environment lowers accuracy of recall in a real environment (24% lower, p = 0.001). In a memory-recall experiment ( n = 51) participants that underwent a context change involving VR after memorizing performed significantly worse on 24-hour later item recall than those who did not change context (17% lower accuracy, p < 0.001). It undermines the paradigm that VR can be effectively used for learning information whereby later recall of that information in a real environment is important. This previously unknown result challenges how we use VR in education and training. The effect was not present when memorizing and recall were both done in VR it appears caused by the change of environmental context. We show that adverse effects on memory exist when changing between virtual and real environments. This effect was not previously studied when considering VR as an environmental context. Context-dependency effects on memory exist, whereby people’s context influences their ability to recall items from memory. ![]()
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